Month: May 2019

Kelicikan dan Kegalauan Uni Eropa Hadapi Minyak Sawit

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Uni Eropa (EU) yang merupakan salah satu promotor perdagangan bebas selama ini harus menjilat ludahnya sendiri ketika berhadapan dengan minyak sawit. Selama ini dalam berbagai forum internasional, EU selalu menyuarakan bahwa perdagangan bebas dan adil (free and fair trade) merupakan masa depan dunia yang harus diwujudkan oleh semua pihak. Namun kenyataannya, dalam menghadapi gempuran minyak sawit, EU ternyata galau menghadapinya. Berbagai alasan untuk menghambat minyak sawit ke EU harus dilakukan oleh EU karena minyak nabati rapeseed andalan EU kalah bersaing dalam segala hal.

Pertama, EU merupakan top five emiter dunia. Tingkat kesejahteraan EU yang demikian tinggi, menyebabkan konsumsi pangan dan energi tinggi sehingga emisi juga tinggi. Untuk mengurangi emisi maka kesejahteraan EU harus diturunkan agar konsumsi pangan dan energi turun sehingga emisi turun. Ini dilema yang dihadapi EU.

Kedua, karena EU tidak mau menurunkan kesejahteraannya, solusi EU yang dilakukan mencampur dengan energi biofuel yang emisi karbonnya lebih rendah yang dikenal dengan program RED (Renewable Energy Directive) sejak tahun 2008. Dalam implementasi RED ini, EU juga menghadapi dilema kedua yakni Trade-off Food-Fuel. Jika produksi minyak rapeseed EU digunakan untuk biofuel, maka pangan EU terancam.

Ketiga, Solusi EU untuk atasi trade-off tersebut adalah membuka impor minyak nabati termasuk minyak sawit dari luar EU. Minyak sawit yang harganya lebih murah dan pasokan terjamin memang dapat menjadi solusi Trade-off Food-Fuel EU. Selain itu, menurut hasil studi Eropean Commission (2012) penggunaan biodiesel sawit dapat menghemat emisi 50-62 persen. Namun ini juga menimbulkan dilema ketiga EU yakni kehadiran minyak sawit di EU yang sangat kompetetif justru mengancam tanaman minyak rapeseed EU. Perlu dicatat bahwa tanaman rapeseed di EU disubsidi besar-besaran sehingga jika kalah bersaing dengan minyak sawit sama artinya subsidi menjadi sia-sia dan berimplikasi politik domestik EU.

Keempat, untuk membatasi impor minyak sawit EU menerapkan wajib sertifikasi berkelanjutan. Ini juga dilema bagi EU, karena minyak rapeseed dan minyak nabati impor lainya (selain sawit) EU tidak memiliki dan mewajibkan sistem sertifikasi berkelanjutan. Selain itu, jika sertifikasi berkelanjutan diterapkan sebagai instrumen perdagangan internasional, harus terlebih dahulu dinotifikasi ke WTO. Karena itu penerapan sertifikasi berkelanjutan untuk hanya sawit dinilai tidak adil (un fair) yang bertentangan dengan prinsip prinsip WTO.

Kelima, tidak kehilangan akal, EU membuat hambatan untuk sawit dengan mengkaitkannya dengan deforestasi global. Studi European Commision (2013) juga membuktikan bahwa driver utama deforestasi global adalah peternakan (ranch) dan minyak kedelai dari Amerika Selatan.

Keenam, Kemudian, EU mencoba menghambat sawit dengan rancangan kebijakan emisi ILUC (Indirect Land Use Change). Ini diprotes Indonesia dan Malaysia. Karena selain dinilai mengada-ada, studi IFPRI Eropean Comission (2010, 2011) membuktikan ternyata emisi ILUC sawit adalah terendah dibanding minyak nabati lainnya termasuk jika dibandingkan dengan rapeseed EU.

Ketujuh, Tahun 2013 EU tuduh biodisel sawit Indonesia dumping karena disubsidi sehingga EU terapkan bea masuk anti dumping. Indonesia mengadu ke WTO dan tidak bisa dibuktikan EU sehingga April 2018 WTO memenangkan Indonesia.

Kedelapan, karena kalah di WTO, bulan April 2019, EU kembali menuduh 12 produsen biodiesel sawit Indonesia memperoleh subsidi melalui fasilitas kawasan berikat, sehingga EU akan menerapkan BMAD dan CVD (countervailing dutie) atau bea masuk tambahan utuk ke 12 produsen biodiesel.

Kedepan berbagai bentuk kelicikan dan kegalauan EU menghadapi sawit akan tetap berlanjut. Persoalannya bukan di sawit tapi di EU sendiri. Ekonomi EU yang sudah full employment untuk menopang konsumsi dan kesejahteraan tinggi, akan tetap mencipatakan banyak dilema bagi EU jika EU tidak membuka diri pada impor dari luar EU terrmasuk impor minyak sawit.

sumber: sawit.or.id

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Partnerships in Palm Oil Builds Inclusive Economy

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“The growth of oil palm plantations is drawing not only growth in economic activities directly related to palm oil, but also rural and urban economic sectors (inclusive growth)”

Several palm oil partnerships in a form of community-corporation in Indonesia which was developed since 1980 namely Special PIR, Local PIR, PIR Transmigration, KKPA PIR and PIR Plantation Revitalization, have opened access and made farmers as one of the important actors in the Indonesian oil palm plantations. Initially, oil palm plantations that belong to smallholders are developed under plasma scheme only. The success of the plasma scheme attracts local farmers to invest and join in planting oil palm which is then known as independent smallholders.

The growth of independent smallholders’ plantations is faster than the plasma smallholders’. They dominate the national oil palm plantations. This partnership has brought revolution of oil palm in Indonesia that is indicated by the increase in the share of people’s palm oil, and Indonesia became the “king” of CPO around the world.

Moreover in terms of regional development, the partnership also succeeded in managing a synergy between private investment, state-owned enterprises, the people and the government into a big-push strategy investment in the central area of ​​oil palm plantations which gave birth to new economic developing centers. The growth of nucleus and plasma oil palm plantations as well as independent farmers has encouraged the development of small-medium-union businesses (UKMK) engaged in urban industrial goods or services suppliers, as well as agricultural / fishery / livestock products to meet the communities’ need of food. In the next stage, in the growth of oil palm plantations, especially after palm oil (CPO) has been produced; people start to develop residential centers, offices, and markets surrounding the area in such a way that overall became a new agricultural cities. Big-push strategy creates new oil-based economic developing centers that are inclusive in rural areas.

According to the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration (2014), until 2013 there at least 50 underdeveloped or isolated rural areas which have developed into new growth areas which based on CPO production centers. Among these areas are Sungai Bahar (Jambi), Pematang Panggang and Peninjauan (South Sumatera), Arga Makmur (Bengkulu), Sungai Pasar and Lipat Kain (Riau), Paranggean (Central Kalimantan) and many others. Most of these CPO production centers have developed into new sub-districts and districts in rural areas.

The followings are the new economic growth centers as the result of the development of oil palm plantations: : (1) North Sumatra Province (Stabat, Belarang, Sei Rampah, Limapuluh, Perdagangan, Rantau Prapat, Aek Kanopan, Aek Nabara, Kota Pinang, Sosa, Sibuhuan, Panyabungan, etc.), (2) Riau Province (Pasir Pengaraian, Bangkinang, Siak Sri Indrapura, Rengat, Tembilahan, Bengkalis, Bagan Siapi-api, Teluk Kuantan, Dumai, Pekanbaru, etc.), (3) South Sumatra Province (cities such as Sungai Lilin, Tugumulyo, Pematang Panggang, Bayung Lencir, Musi Rawas, Peninjauan and several cities towards the area of South Sumatra from Kota Muara Enim to Kota Lahat), (4) Jambi Province (Sarolangun, Sungai Bahar, Sengeti, Kuala Tungkal, etc.), (5) Central Kalimantan Province (Sampit, Kuala Pembuang, Pangkalan Bun, Kasongan, etc.), (6) East Kalimantan Province (Sangatta, Tenggarong, Tana Pase, Tanjung Redeb, Nunukan, Sendawar, etc.), (7) South Kalimantan Province (Batulicin, Kotabaru, Pelaihari, etc.), (8) Sulawesi Province (Mamuju, Donggala, Bungku, Luwu, Pasangkayu, etc.).

The development of new growth centers which is based on inclusive palm oil attracts and integrates rural and urban economies. New growth centers in rural areas become market for rural and urban products.

A study by PASPI (2016) stated that the sales of products from urban areas to oil palm plantation communities (oil palm farmers, oil palm plantation employees) reach 336 trillion Rupiah per year. While sales between rural agricultural products produced by crop farmers, ranchers, or fishermen that are sold to the oil palm plantation community reach 92 trillion Rupiah per year. This consists of crop farmer sales of 54.6 trillion Rupiah per year, farmer sales of 24.1 trillion Rupiah per year, and fishermen sales of 13.7 trillion Rupiah per year.

In short, the growth of oil palm plantations not only attracts growth in economic activities directly related to oil palm but also attracts rural and urban economic sectors simultaneously. Such economic characteristic is called inclusive economic growth.

source: indonesiakita.or.id

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